Puzzles Debut Albums and Puzzle free essay sample

The Puzzle of Life horizontal rule I was given a puzzle a couple of months ago from a friend of mine, It had 1,500 pieces. I havent put together a puzzle since I was a kid. Isnt It funny how we stop doing certain things when we grow up: puzzles, coloring, playing dolls, hop scotch, hide and go seek. Things that brought us so much joy as a child, we stop doing when we reach a certain age its a shame, isnt it? I must admit, I really enjoyed the puzzle.Although very frustrating at times, it was a challenge. Each time I found a piece that it, it was extremely rewarding. Have you ever realized how many similarities there are between puzzles and life? In a puzzle each piece plays such an important part in the big picture. In life, its people and events who play the important parts. We will write a custom essay sample on Puzzles: Debut Albums and Puzzle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As with pieces in a puzzle, each of us are unique, special in our own way. Although we may appear similar, there are no two alike. Ironically its our differences that make us fit.While I was working on this puzzle, there was one piece that I was sure belonged In this particular spot. But It TLD fit. I Just kept going back to It and trying to make It fit, regretting that I tried It already. I guess I had my mind set on the fact that I felt It belonged there. I thought about how many times Vive done that in my life. Tried to make things happen that just werent meant to be. Id try over and over again even to the point of forcing it but it wasnt meant to be And nothing I did changed that.If you do many puzzles, youll know what its like to spend so much time looking for one specific piece. I thought I knew what it looked like, it seemed so obvious. .. But I couldnt find it. I got so wrapped up into finding that one piece that I couldnt see beyond it. I got frustrated and decided to let it go and step away from it for a while. When I came back to it later, I found it immediately. It was right in front of me all along. Life has been Like that for me sometimes. I try so hard to understand why things happen the way they do.I search high and low for the answers and sometimes the answers are right In front of me. It Isnt until I stop, take a step back, breathe and let It go that the answers find me. As I sat there looking at the pieces In this puzzle, I started thinking about the pieces in my life: my family, my friends, events, milestones and celebrations. Theres such a mixture of good and bad, joy and tears, happiness and sorrow. I thought about all those pieces that I didnt feel were important or had purpose. I reflected on all those pieces in my life that caused me to ask why Why me, God? Why this? . I suddenly realized that it was because of those pieces that other pieces were able to fall into place. Everything in our lives happens for a reason. Each event, whether good or bad, signifies a piece of the puzzle. You take away one piece and it upsets the entire harmony of the finished product. I finally understand that even though some of the pieces in my life arent least and many of them bring me pain and heartache, without them I couldnt move on.No matter how unimportant I think they are, they bring me one step closer to wholeness. We cant possibly look at the pieces of our lives right now and understand the important role that each one of them plays, there are too many holes end, and that final piece is put into place, Im going to look back and understand. Ill no longer wonder why there was so much pain, or why certain people came and went in my life. And Ill be able to see the complete picture and the beauty that went into ACH piece that made it whole.Until then, I will continue to live on in faith. Knowing and trusting that all the pieces that I need are there and that it only takes a matter of time before they fall into place. Remembering that there is a big picture, a plan for me, that Im unable to see right now. Believing that each piece of my life, even the painful ones, have purpose and play an important role. And when Im weak, I will seek strength through prayer. I do all this in hopes that on that glorious day, when Gods masterpiece of me is finally complete, He will then whisper Well done.

This study aims to measure the lung function between 1st year sports therapy university students The WritePass Journal

This study aims to measure the lung function between 1st year sports therapy university students Introduction This study aims to measure the lung function between 1st year sports therapy university students IntroductionResultsDiscussionReferencesRelated Introduction This study aims to measure the lung function between 1st year sports therapy university students. This is appropriate to assess the level of severity of lung diseases such as asthma or cystic fibrosis and identify characteristics when diagnosing other participants.   The study tests both static and dynamic lung volumes by measuring the volume of air expired from the lungs as well as the power of which it is expired. These are measured by a Spirometer machine, which calculates the volume of the lungs forced vital capacity (FVC), which is the maximum volume of air, expired after one maximum inspiration. Also forced expiratory volume (FEV1) showing the percentage of FVC expelled over the time in seconds of which the measurement is made. Lastly by calculating the final measurement of the forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC) we can see the expiatory power to resistance of airflow within the lungs, allowing to show signs of the lungs percentage ability to fo rcibly expel air within the lungs. This study could be seen to look into the physical fitness and ability of the lungs and other pulmonary factors to perform. With the use of the participants we can see the different levels of fitness between subjects and assess other factors, which could contribute to the outcome of the study. The test itself can be described as a random sampling test, subjects were previously assigned you groups that vary in gender and physical fitness. It is conducted by subjects in a seated position on a bench firstly testing FVC values by forcibly expelling as much air as possible, in one rapid expiration after one inspiration into the spirometer. Secondly by forcibly expelling as much air as possible for as long as possible to calculate the FEV1 value. Finally to show an entire resistance to airflow a FEV1/FVC can be calculated. Averages will be taken of each group and higher values can be seen to show a more powerful and resourceful lung function between Subjects. Other variables and factors co nsidered within the tests are the subject’s height, gender and illnesses or conditions to show any outliers or considerable variances between groups. With these in mind the results will be assessed to show the level of performance within the groups and how these could be affected. Results SUBJECT Group INITIALS Gender Height FVC FEV1 FEV1/FVC NOTES 1 A 1012133 M 167 5.2 4.8 92.31 FVC 2 A 0907562 F 171 4.8 4.25 88.54 Group A 3.96 3 A 1028114 M 182 6.6 5.95 90.15 Group B 3.7475 4 A HH M 170 3.75 3.15 84.00 Group C 4.91714286 5 A 0906679 M 171 5.25 4.62 88.00 Group D 4.81111111 6 A 1027186 M 178 5.9 5.5 93.22 Group E 4.77136364 7 A 1005219 M 171 4.28 3.98 92.99 8 A 1012960 F 160 2.93 2.3 78.50 FEV1 9 A 0919586 F 167 4.01 3.43 85.54 Group A 3.38384615 10 A 1003480 F 164 4.45 3.84 86.29 Group B 3.246 11 E JT M 178.5 #DIV/0! Group C 4.26571429 12 E AO F 168 4.1 3.64 88.78 Group D 4.1 13 E DF F 176 3.01 2.54 84.39 Group E 4.12318182 14 E AD F 167.5 3.47 3.19 91.93 SMO 15 E ER F 163 3.19 2.81 88.09 SMO FVC AV 4.44643678 16 E BG F 167 4.04 3.53 87.38 SMO FEV1 AV 3.8291954 17 E BH M 173 5.57 4.77 85.64 18 E SS M 179 5.54 4.63 83.57 19 E JE M 185 6.13 5.01 81.73 20 E JS M 178 5.33 4.68 87.80 21 E SH M 174 4.81 4.42 91.89 22 E FR M 172 5.6 4.6 82.14 23 E OS M 172 5.4 4.6 85.19 24 E MO M 179.4 5.34 4.71 88.20 25 E GN M 172 4.7 4.3 91.49 26 E MONZ M 177 4.45 3.78 84.94 27 E TREVOR M 177 3.88 3.21 82.73 28 E ALI M 168 5.23 4.7 89.87 29 E JOR M 174 5.88 4.74 80.61 30 D CH M 175 4.49 4.01 89.31 31 D HB F 164 #DIV/0! 32 D RM M 175 4.55 3.86 84.84 33 D AS M 172 4.3 4.11 95.58 34 D KC M 183 4.2 3.91 93.10 35 D CO F 168 4.12 3.7 89.81 36 D SL F 168 4.38 3.2 73.06 37 D JT F 154 3.4 2.9 85.29 38 D CP F 164 3.67 3 81.74 39 D TM F 168.5 3.6 3.03 84.17 40 D AL M 180.5 4.55 3.83 84.18 41 D JA M 178.2 4 3.37 84.25 42 D CTK M 176 4.78 4.18 87.45 43 D AB M 179.9 4.62 4.07 88.10 44 D SB M 176 2.8 2.25 80.36 45 C 1014315 F 172 5.65 5 88.50 46 C 1012212 M 191 6.65 6.2 93.23 47 C 1014640 F 156 3.7 3.55 95.95 48 C 1012633 M 167 3.3 2 60.61 49 C 1016163 M 182 5.6 5.05 90.18 50 C 1013151 M 176 5.2 4.4 84.62 51 C 1011941 M 181 5.95 5.4 90.76 52 C 1022773 M 186 6.2 3.4 54.84 53 C 1011809 M 170 4.51 4.1 90.91 54 C F M 3.47 3.19 91.93 55 C S M 167 3.87 3.81 98.45 56 C L F 156.5 3.65 3.12 85.48 57 B JRS M 181 4.95 4.12 83.23 58 B L Dennis M 183 4.8 4.28 89.17 59 B 1023169 M 186 3.7 3.65 98.65 60 B RWJ M 177 3.15 3.02 95.87 SMO 61 B JM M 168.3 6 5.25 87.50 62 B MH F 161.3 4 3.6 90.00 63 B AB M 161.3 5.05 4.33 85.74 64 B BU M 101.8 5.4 4.6 85.19 65 B JW M 179.1 5.4 4.6 85.19 66 B NC M 169.1 4.32 3.26 75.46 67 B EH M 187 5.32 3.88 72.93 68 B 1009373 F 174 3.65 2.92 80.00 69 B CM M 176.7 5.11 4.24 82.97 70 B JR M 176 5.05 4.45 88.12 71 B EK M 171 5.05 4.28 84.75 72 B RB F 165 4.6 4.29 93.26 SMO 73 B 1007117 F 155 3.9 3.5 89.74 74 B 1017573 M 174 4.8 4.5 93.75 75 B 1027814 M 180 4.3 2.89 67.21 Chest inf 76 E 1010245 F 164 2.01 1.25 62.19 77 E 1027206 F 155 2.38 2.26 94.96 Asthma 78 E 1006974 M 176 2.73 2.7 98.90 79 E 1015301 M 176 3.3 3.28 99.39 SMO 80 D 1007703 M 184 5.81 5.07 87.26 81 B 1020415 F 160 2.76 2.15 77.90 Asthma 82 D 1010931 M 1.89 4.52 3.81 84.29 83 D 1026768 F 160 3.64 3.25 89.29 84 C 1012648 F 167 3.71 3.09 83.29 85 A 1027299 M 182 5.32 4.63 87.03 86 A 1003819 F 176 2.47 2.41 97.57 87 B 1005235 F 161 3.43 2.77 80.76 88 C 1013209 F 3.33 2.96 88.89 89 A 1002116 F 4.83 3.53 73.08 (Figure 1) Raw data Collected within the study, outlining the contained variables and data collected. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group A 13 4.5992 1.14036 .31628 (Figure 2.0) One sample T-Test comparing group A’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group A .483 12 .638 .15279 -.5363 .8419 (Figure 2.1) One sample T-Test comparing group A’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group B 21 4.5114 .84415 .18421 (Figure 2.2) One sample T-Test comparing group B’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper VAR00001 .353 20 .728 .06499 -.3193 .4492 (Figure 2.3) One sample T-Test comparing group B’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group C 14 4.6279 1.19814 .32022 (Figure 2.4) One sample T-Test comparing group C’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group C .567 13 .581 .18142 -.5104 .8732 (Figure 2.5) One sample T-Test comparing group C’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group D 17 4.2018 .66987 .16247 (Figure 2.6) One sample T-Test comparing group D’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group D -1.506 16 .152 -.24467 -.5891 .0997 (Figure 2.7) One sample T-Test comparing group D’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group E 22 4.3677 1.22493 .26116 (Figure 2.8) One sample T-Test comparing group E’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 4.446436782 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group E -.301 21 .766 -.07871 -.6218 .4644 (Figure 2.9) One sample T-Test comparing group E’s FVC results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group A 13 4.0300 1.08923 .30210 (Figure 3.0) One sample T-Test comparing group A’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group A .665 12 .519 .20080 -.4574 .8590 (Figure 3.1) One sample T-Test comparing group A’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group B 21 3.8371 .77423 .16895 (Figure 3.2) One sample T-Test comparing group B’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group B .047 20 .963 .00795 -.3445 .3604 (Figure 3.3) One sample T-Test comparing group B’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group C 14 3.9479 1.14264 .30538 (Figure 3.4) One sample T-Test comparing group C’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group C .389 13 .704 .11866 -.5411 .7784 (Figure 3.5) One sample T-Test comparing group C’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group D 17 3.6206 .64917 .15745 (Figure 3.6) One sample T-Test comparing group D’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group D -1.325 16 .204 -.20861 -.5424 .1252 (Figure 3.7) One sample T-Test comparing group D’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Group E 22 3.7886 1.02453 .21843 (Figure 3.8) One sample T-Test comparing group E’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. One-Sample Test Test Value = 3.829195402 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Group E -.186 21 .854 -.04056 -.4948 .4137 (Figure 3.9) One sample T-Test comparing group E’s FEV1 results to the rest of the year. Test of Homogeneity of Variances VAR00002 Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 3.835 4 82 .007 (Figure 4.0) One way ANOVA comparing FVC of each group. ANOVA VAR00002 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2.007 4 .502 .472 .756 Within Groups 87.208 82 1.064 Total 89.215 86 (Figure 4.1) One way ANOVA comparing FVC of each group. Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable:VAR00002 (I) VAR00001 (J) VAR00001 Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Bonferroni A B .08780 .36394 1.000 -.9622 1.1378 C -.02863 .39721 1.000 -1.1746 1.1173 D .39747 .37996 1.000 -.6987 1.4936 E .23150 .36076 1.000 -.8093 1.2723 B A -.08780 .36394 1.000 -1.1378 .9622 C -.11643 .35582 1.000 -1.1430 .9101 D .30966 .33646 1.000 -.6610 1.2803 E .14370 .31462 1.000 -.7640 1.0514 C A .02863 .39721 1.000 -1.1173 1.1746 B .11643 .35582 1.000 -.9101 1.1430 D .42609 .37219 1.000 -.6477 1.4998 E .26013 .35257 1.000 -.7570 1.2773 D A -.39747 .37996 1.000 -1.4936 .6987 B -.30966 .33646 1.000 -1.2803 .6610 C -.42609 .37219 1.000 -1.4998 .6477 E -.16596 .33302 1.000 -1.1267 .7948 E A -.23150 .36076 1.000 -1.2723 .8093 B -.14370 .31462 1.000 -1.0514 .7640 C -.26013 .35257 1.000 -1.2773 .7570 D .16596 .33302 1.000 -.7948 1.1267 Dunnett T3 A B .08780 .36601 1.000 -1.0511 1.2268 C -.02863 .45008 1.000 -1.4006 1.3433 D .39747 .35557 .940 -.7214 1.5164 E .23150 .41016 1.000 -1.0115 1.4745 B A -.08780 .36601 1.000 -1.2268 1.0511 C -.11643 .36942 1.000 -1.2582 1.0254 D .30966 .24562 .893 -.4197 1.0391 E .14370 .31959 1.000 -.8033 1.0907 C A .02863 .45008 1.000 -1.3433 1.4006 B .11643 .36942 1.000 -1.0254 1.2582 D .42609 .35907 .917 -.6951 1.5473 E .26013 .41321 .999 -.9869 1.5071 D A -.39747 .35557 .940 -1.5164 .7214 B -.30966 .24562 .893 -1.0391 .4197 C -.42609 .35907 .917 -1.5473 .6951 E -.16596 .30757 1.000 -1.0829 .7510 E A -.23150 .41016 1.000 -1.4745 1.0115 B -.14370 .31959 1.000 -1.0907 .8033 C -.26013 .41321 .999 -1.5071 .9869 D .16596 .30757 1.000 -.7510 1.0829 (Figure 4.2) One way ANOVA comparing FVC of each group. Test of Homogeneity of Variances VAR00002 Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 1.485 4 82 .214 (Figure 5.0) One way ANOVA comparing FEV1/FVC of each group. ANOVA VAR00002 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 63.338 4 15.834 .243 .913 Within Groups 5343.195 82 65.161 Total 5406.532 86 (Figure 5.1) One way ANOVA comparing FEV1/FVC of each group. Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable:VAR00002 (I) VAR00001 (J) VAR00001 Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Bonferroni A B 2.36465 2.84873 1.000 -5.8539 10.5832 C 1.93275 3.10914 1.000 -7.0370 10.9025 D 1.47376 2.97412 1.000 -7.1065 10.0540 E .57801 2.82387 1.000 -7.5688 8.7248 B A -2.36465 2.84873 1.000 -10.5832 5.8539 C -.43190 2.78518 1.000 -8.4671 7.6033 D -.89090 2.63361 1.000 -8.4888 6.7070 E -1.78665 2.46267 1.000 -8.8914 5.3181 C A -1.93275 3.10914 1.000 -10.9025 7.0370 B .43190 2.78518 1.000 -7.6033 8.4671 D -.45899 2.91330 1.000 -8.8638 7.9458 E -1.35474 2.75975 1.000 -9.3165 6.6071 D A -1.47376 2.97412 1.000 -10.0540 7.1065 B .89090 2.63361 1.000 -6.7070 8.4888 C .45899 2.91330 1.000 -7.9458 8.8638 E -.89575 2.60669 1.000 -8.4160 6.6245 E A -.57801 2.82387 1.000 -8.7248 7.5688 B 1.78665 2.46267 1.000 -5.3181 8.8914 C 1.35474 2.75975 1.000 -6.6071 9.3165 D .89575 2.60669 1.000 -6.6245 8.4160 Dunnett T3 A B 2.36465 2.45780 .979 -5.0407 9.7700 C 1.93275 3.80046 1.000 -9.9166 13.7821 D 1.47376 2.18161 .998 -5.2430 8.1905 E .57801 2.41005 1.000 -6.6911 7.8471 B A -2.36465 2.45780 .979 -9.7700 5.0407 C -.43190 3.74733 1.000 -12.1297 11.2659 D -.89090 2.08768 1.000 -7.1028 5.3210 E -1.78665 2.32536 .996 -8.6439 5.0706 C A -1.93275 3.80046 1.000 -13.7821 9.9166 B .43190 3.74733 1.000 -11.2659 12.1297 D -.45899 3.57227 1.000 -11.8337 10.9157 E -1.35474 3.71619 1.000 -12.9882 10.2787 D A -1.47376 2.18161 .998 -8.1905 5.2430 B .89090 2.08768 1.000 -5.3210 7.1028 C .45899 3.57227 1.000 -10.9157 11.8337 E -.89575 2.03125 1.000 -6.9231 5.1316 E A -.57801 2.41005 1.000 -7.8471 6.6911 B 1.78665 2.32536 .996 -5.0706 8.6439 C 1.35474 3.71619 1.000 -10.2787 12.9882 D .89575 2.03125 1.000 -5.1316 6.9231 (Figure 5.3) One way ANOVA comparing FEV1/FVC of each group. (Figure 6.0) Graph containing the correlation between Height and FVC results. Group Statistics Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean FVC Females 30 3.6960 .77678 .14182 Males 57 4.8414 .90564 .11995 (Figure 7.0) Independent samples text comparing FVC results between males and females. Independent Samples Test Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference Lower Upper FVC Equal variances assumed 1.665 .200 -5.878 85 .000 -1.14540 .19485 -1.53281 -.75800 Equal variances not assumed -6.166 67.457 .000 -1.14540 .18575 -1.51611 -.77470 (Figure 7.1) Independent samples text comparing FVC results between males and females. Discussion After conducting the study there is much to discuss. Raw data (figure 1) from the tests indicate that some participant did not fill in the required data needed. This can be down to competence of conducting the procedure or observer error asking the question whether this is entirely valid. Furthermore a correct procedure must be outlined and overlooked so that each group performs the same method. Some subjects may have stood up and some may have sat down, possibly causing the results to differ. (Townsend, 1984; Allen et al. 1985) have shown that FVC is affected by body position, 1-2% lower by sitting rather than standing and 7-8% lower supine than to standing. Taking these into account the results could not be described as entirely valid or reliable. As the study looks into identifying and discussing results between student groups we can see how they performed compared to normal values. The subjects appear to deliver between the normal values of 4-5L in males and 3-4L in females for FVC (figure 7.0) this appears to show a significant result meaning males have a higher FVC than females with group C performing the best on average (figure 2.4). (Figure 4.0) shows that the statistic of FVC between the groups has a significance of .007 meaning there is a small difference between them however (figure 4.1) states that the difference is not significant. This essentially shows that although there is an apparent difference between the groups this can be seen as not having an effect on the study. (Figure 3.0) shows that Group A has the highest average FEV1 meaning they have the most power of expiration of air. (Figures 5.0 – 5.1) state that th ere is no significant difference between the values of all the groups with each subject showing results near to the value of 85% this could be seen to have a normal result. With such an apparent loosely based study it is important to consider certain group or subject variances, which can effect the study. Identifying these can create a more reliable and valid study as well as identify further ideas for research. The FVC method is highly effort dependant and has poor reliability as it is measured upon volume of air as well as a less reliable observed rate of exertion. Certain people may not want to exert the entire force needed due to anxiety or other factors such as illness or conditions. (Eston. R. et al. 2009) shows us that although there is no difference between FVC values for healthy people and asthmatics there is a considerable change in dynamic FEV1 values with asthmatics having a much larger decrease in performance from the FVC value. This could be mainly attributed to the fact that asthmatics have difficulty breathing out and therefore exerting a larger force of air from their lungs for a long time could be harder. With this in mind it could be advised that a screening process becomes more prominent before the test it taken these can identify, illnesses, conditions, injuries and even a physical activity questionnaire to see whether more active subject have better results. Any hidden values could the research and discovering more about the subject can help to answer more questions. Height comparisons (figure 6.0) show there is no relationship between the subjects height and FVC value, however it is hard to follow this when it not clear of whether the sitting or standing method has been used. (Ferris et al 1971; Cotes 1979) show that sitting height provides less variability in lung function than standing height, this could show that (figure 6.0) with its varied results show that subjects were standing. (Becklake 1968) explains that there are many other factors that effect lung function results, some of which are not identified within this study. Gender amounts to a change in 30%, body size 22%, age 8% and ethnicity 10% most of which can be identified through a survey. This study may be described as having no significant purpose without the inclusion of further factors detailed by (Becklake 1968). With these included it could be seen to show a purpose and significance with vision to elaborate upon affecting factors however currently this shows a significant variety of results between subject groups. References Becklake,M.R. (1986) Concepts of normality applied to measurement of lung function. American Journal of Medicine; 80: 1158-64. Eston, R. Et al. (2009) Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests, Procedures and Data, Volume 2: Physiology. 3rd ed. Oxon, Routledge. Ferris, B et al (1971) correlation of anthropometry and simple tests of pulmonary function. Archives of environmental health; 22: 672-6. McArdle,W.D. et al (2006) Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams Wilkins Townsend, M.C (1984) Spirometric forced expiratory volumes measured in the standing versus sitting posture. American Review of Respiratory Disease; 130:123-4.

Funny Quotes for Your Christmas Celebration

Funny Quotes for Your Christmas Celebration Want to make witty remarks this Christmas? Ogden Nash, Dave Barry, Charles Dickens, and many other authors share their Christmas humor with you on this page. Peter Dickinson The threat of Christmas hung in the air, visible already in the fretful look of passersby as they readied themselves for the meaningless but necessary rites of false jovialities and ill-considered gifts. Max Lucado, God Came Near Were it not for the shepherds, there would have been no reception. And were it not for a group of stargazers, there would have been no gifts. Once again we find ourselves enmeshed in the Holiday Season, that very special time of year when we join with our loved ones in sharing centuries-old traditions such as trying to find a parking space at the mall. We traditionally do this in my family by driving around the parking lot until we see a shopper emerge from the mall, then we follow her, in very much the same spirit as the Three Wise Men, who 2,000 years ago followed a star, week after week, until it led them to a parking space. Ogden Nash People cant concentrate properly on blowing other people to pieces if their minds are poisoned by thoughts suitable to the twenty-fifth of December. Katharine Whitehorn, Roundabout From a commercial point of view, if Christmas did not exist it would be necessary to invent it. Frank McKinney Hubbard ​Next to a circus there aint nothing that packs up and tears out faster than the Christmas spirit. Bill Waterson, Calvin Hobbes Oh look, yet another Christmas TV special! How touching to have the meaning of Christmas brought to us by cola, fast food, and beer... Whod have ever guessed that product consumption, popular entertainment, and spirituality would mix so harmoniously? Dave Barry, Christmas Shopping In the old days, it was not called the Holiday Season; the Christians called it Christmas and went to church; the Jews called it Hanukkah and went to synagogue; the atheists went to parties and drank. People passing each other on the street would say Merry Christmas! or Happy Hanukkah! or (to the atheists) Look out for the wall! W. J. Cameron There has been only one Christmas the rest are anniversaries. Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol Out upon merry Christmas! Whats Christmas time to you but a time for paying bills without money; a time for finding yourself a year older, but not an hour richer...? If I could work my will, said Scrooge indignantly, every idiot who goes about with Merry Christmas upon his lips should be boiled with his won pudding, and buried with a stake of holly through his heart. He should!

Business to business marketing final exam questions Term Paper

Business to business marketing final exam questions - Term Paper Example (B) Business marketing is also known as business to business marketing. The characteristics of business marketing have been described below. Organizations in business marketing target fewer customers who are geographically concentrated and have limited accounting for the majority of the sales of the organizations. The organizations in business marketing adopt longer decision cycle as the organizations always try to maintain strong relationship with their potential business clients for a longer period of time. In this type of marketing, the business organizations strongly depend upon the personal selling process comparing to several mass media advertising or promotional strategy. The promotional cost in this business marketing process is quite lower comparing to the traditional consumer marketing process. The organizations in business marketing process used to focus on more rigid product standards for the potential business clients as it is important for the organizations to maintain an effective long term relationship with the business clients. ... at are used by the managers of a firm to monitor and control the execution of several activities by the employees within the organizations and the consequence of the execution. (B) Financial, internal business process, customer, and learning and growth are the four perspectives of application of the balance scorecard. It is always important for the organizations to identify several relevant high level financial measures in the business marketing strategy development6 model. Application of balance scorecard will help the organization to influence the shareholders of the organization and improve the financial stability. Customers or clients are the key growth drivers for an organization. It is highly important for the organization to develop effective relationship with business clients in order to enhance the developed business marketing strategy. Considering the perspective of internal business process can help the organizations to improve their business marketing strategies. It will help them to develop more unique business operation process and develop strong relationship with several external and internal stakeholders. Considering the perspective of learning and growth under the balance scorecard will help the organization to develop more unique business marketing strategies in near future to foster the growth rate. Several leading organizations used to review and monitor the executed strategy. It is true that the organizations need to develop effective internal business operation process in order to maintain the sustainability in business operation processes. Effective and valuable strategies will help the organizations to gain potential competitive advantages. On the other hand, monitoring the performance of developed strategies can help the organizations to

Performance Evaluations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performance Evaluations - Assignment Example But if he is frustrated with his job, he will develop a negative attitude which would be reflected in his behavior and low motivation and productivity levels. Whenever a new supervisor is appointed, it is crucial to provide him training not only of his specified job position but also of the important aspects of performance management systems. Filling out a performance appraisal form is critical to the growth of each and every employee and any mistake could lead to serious consequences for him. The supervisor must be aware of every section of the performance appraisal form so that fair evaluation of each of his subordinates can be ensured. In light of this discussion, I recommend imparting a training session to Jill Best so that he can evaluate the employees fairly and with clear understanding of each constituent of the performance appraisal form. As per the rules and regulations laid down by O’Leary and law, every employee of the company has to be appraised irrespective of age, gender, race or color. I believe that you have shown good performance during the last twenty three years but it still needs be evaluated. Chances are that you might have been performing 4 in one area but we cannot be sure that this time it will remain on the same level-it can go up to 5 or come down to 3. Your consistently excellent performance can even get you to act as a mentor and leader to those who are at the beginning of their career ladder. It must be communicated via emails or brochures to all the employees of the company that they all need to undergo evaluation. Even the top most managers are evaluated by the board of directors. It doesn’t matter how long the employee is serving the company, he or she has to follow the rules and get appraised. It is the result of performance evaluation that the employee’s strengths and weaknesses are identified. If an employee is lacking knowledge in an area, training can be

Approaches To Tackling Cervical Cancer Health And Social Care Essay

Approaches To Tackling Cervical Cancer Health And Social Care Essay The Health Promotion logo incorporates five key action areas in Health Promotion (build healthy public policy, create supportive environments for health, strengthen community action for health, develop personal skills, and re-orient health services) and the three basic Health Promotion strategies (to enable, mediate, and advocate) as described by the World Health Organisation in the Ottawa Charter (World Health Organisation 1986; Nutbeam 1998). In Nigeria, incidence rate of cervical cancer is the estimated at 25 per 100,000 women; with an about 8000 new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed each year(Adewole, Benedet et al. 2005). CITED IN OKONOFUA. The National Cervical Cancer Prevention Programme (NCCPP)-the first national effort towards the cervical cancer prevention in Nigeria-was formally launched by the Honourable Minister of Women Affairs and Social Development in October, 2008. Potential approaches to tackling cervical cancer Medical or preventive approach: primary prevention via HPV vaccination and secondary prevention via cervical screening .This closely aligns with the principle highlighted in the Alma Ata declaration which focuses on prevention rather than cure(World Health Organisation 1978). Behavioural approach: encouraging clients to take-up screening services and also encouraging clients to adopt healthy sexual behaviour through group or one-to-one counselling as well as mass campaigns. Educational approach: increase awareness of the cause of cervical cancer via sex education (peer education and family life skills curriculum). Knowledge about the risk factors for cervical cancer may change sexual attitudes and ultimately behaviour. Socio-economic factors may however limit voluntary change in behaviour. Provision of leaflets, booklets, group, and one-to-one advice may be used to educate on the risks of the disease. Social change approach: free education for teen females and free vocational training programmes and improving access to education. Empowerment approach: enhance life skills through family life skills curriculum and peer-education which help in teaching female teenagers assertiveness and negotiation, and self esteem building regarding sexual issues. Theoretical underpinning for cervical cancer screening This intervention combines the medical (preventive), behavioural and educational approaches to health promotion. The theoretical framework is the modified health belief model(Rosenstock, Strecher et al. 1988) of health-related decision making. The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been widely used in the prediction of cervical cancer screening uptake (Gillam 1991; Austin, Ahmad et al. 2002; Johnson, Mues et al. 2008).It is based on the individuals perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the advantages of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the health related decisions (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy). This value-expectancy model(Shumaker, Ockene et al. 2009) suggests that whether people change their health behaviour, accept an intervention, or not would depend on if they believe its benefits outweigh its risks (e.g. death) or costs (time and money). It suggests that women are influenced by how vulnerable they think they are to cervical cancer (perceived susceptibility) and how serious they consider it to be (perceived severity). This theory has however been criticised as being unable to predict behaviour but it can potentially serve as a framework for elucidating womens reactions to screening and help in devising methods of increasing participation, improving the quality of the service, and reducing womens anxiety towards cervical cancer diagnosis(Fylan 1998). According to the HBM, asymptomatic people may not go for cervical screening unless they accept that, though they have no symptoms, they may in fact have pre-cancerous lesions (perceived susceptibility). They must understand that cervical cancer is a leading cause of death (perceived severity). Taking a Pap smear test will reduce the risk of cervical cancer (perceived benefits) without negative side effects or excessive difficulty (perceived barriers). Posters, reminder letters and messages, or radio announcements especially in the local dialect mig ht encourage women to go for screening (cues to action). For those who have had a friend or relative developing cancer, counselling might help build confidence in taking up the service (self-efficacy). Individual perceptions Modifying factors Likelihood of action Perceived benefits of cervical screening-avoidance of premature death minus Perceived barriers to cervical screening -accessing healthcare facilities (transport), inconvenient clinic times, lack of a female screener (especially for muslim women), fatalistic view of cancer, cost of testing, lack of patient-friendly services, cultural health beliefs, language barriers, fear of discrimination, spouse disapproval, absence of symptoms Demographic variables Age (>20), female (gender),marital status Socio-psychological variables Low socio-economic status, poor nutrition, level of education, polygamy, multiple sexual partners Structural variables Knowledge about cervical cancer, prior contact with people with cervical cancer Perceived susceptibility to cervical cancer Perceived severity of cervical cancer Perceived threat of cervical cancer Likelihood of having a pap smear Cues to action Advice from physicians and lay persons (friends, neighbours, relatives, community leaders, and spiritual leaders) Mass media campaigns-radio announcements and broadcasts (in English and local dialect), newspaper articles, billboards, television, press advertisements Booklets, leaflets, and posters placed in public places like supermarkets; handbills Illness or death of a friend or close relative from cervical cancer Reminders from physicians Health Belief Model of Cervical Cancer Prevention (Adapted from (Naidoo and Wills 2009)-Health Belief Model pg. The theory of reason action and theory of planned behaviour may be used to predict response to cervical cancer screening based on looking up to the health promoters as models. Role of the media in cervical screening Using the media to pass on information and advice is an important strategy or tool for health promotion. Much of public health issues-including smoking and HIV/AIDS -have been successfully improved via extensive media campaigns. Media messages help in reaching large numbers of people. The vital role of research in health promotion has been supported by research (Marcus and Crane 1998; Jenkins, McPhee et al. 1999).Mass media campaigns aim to raise awareness or provide messages about participation in the intervention. Mobile phone text messaging is a potentially useful means of sending invitations and reminders for screening. A research finding also stated that mobile phone messages `seems to be an effective tool for increasing compliance with vaccination schedules'(Vilella, Bayas et al. 2004).A trial demonstrated that attendance at primary care centres improved via mobile phone text messaging (Leong, Chen et al. 2006)and unhealthy behaviours such as smoking(Rodgers, Corbett et al. 2005) has been shown in research to be improved by text messages. Furthermore, a systematic review also indicated that mass media interventions may play a key role in influencing the use of healthcare interventions(Grilli, Freemantle et al. 2000). Linear causal and diffusion of innovation model have been used to explain the effects of media on an audience.REVISE AND ADD 3 LINES FROM TAG AND NAIDOO Though media is effective at reaching large nos of people the understanding and recall by the target audience cannot be guaranteed .It must be supported by other strategies like reimforcement from experts. CITE NAIDOP189 PLUS SOURCESCHECK NAIDOO AND WILLS .There is also a problem of interpreting statistics research studies and interpretation of risk. Social marketing=market women,university students,female health care wokers,women in churches,muslim women Read pg 194 plus few other ar Rationale for cervical screening For a screening for a disease to be effective: the disease must be an important health problem; the natural course of the disease should be well understood; the disease should have a long detectable preclinical phase; must have effective treatment and early treatment should improve outcome; the test should be highly specific and sensitive; and adequate resources to perform the test should be available and it should be cost effective(Naidoo and Wills 2005). LINK THESE TO PAP SMEAR AND CERV CA + CITE epide/sys reviews/rcts The Ewles and Simnett model(Ewles and Simnett 2003) combined with a logic framework would be used in planning the programme. Needs assessment: the case for cervical cancer screening in Ibadan The needs assessment for this programme is carried out from the professionals perspective using the epidemiological approach (Williams and Wright 1998; Bowling and Jones 2002; Tones and Green 2004).Needs assessment is best carried out using both qualitative and quantitative information(Gilmore and Campbell 2005).It is done in order to help establish priorities ,assist planning, justify the use of resources and also in planning evaluation. It brings to light the magnitude of the problem and establishes a baseline against which the health promotion intervention can be evaluated. Ibadan is large community located in Nigeria. It shares a unique mix of middle class -mainly government workers and university staff -and socially disadvantaged groups. It has a substantial number of Muslims spanning the Yoruba and Hausa ethnic groups .Literacy level is low. The transport system is inexpensive but poorly organised and most women are involved in petty trading. Health services available are one teaching hospital, 3 state-owned general hospitals, and primary health centres located within each LGA. Epidemiological data-morbidity, and mortality statistics-from the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan cancer registry- was used to identify and quantify the incidence of cervical cancers occurring in the community. The mean age of years at presentation. A recent study by doctors at the University College Hospital, Ibadan as reported by The Punch of November 7, 2002 gave credence to the emerging trend revealing- that out of- Nigerian women have breast cancer. Based on this finding, 34,800 new cases would be expected in 2003 an increase from 27,840 or 25% in 1999. Selection of intervention population Based on needs assessment, practical considerations such as level of funding, the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus infection and to a lesser degree current life-expectancy statistics? This intervention targets women between 20 and 65 years old Justify with evidence Aim The programme overall aim is to reduce the morbidity and premature mortality from cervical cancer in Ibadan? Objectives To raise the awareness of cervical cancer and screening to 85% by the year 2014 To increase to about 70% participation( the percentage of eligible women screened by ) To Intervention and resources=500 words The intervention is a community-based intervention set in Ade-Oyo Ibadan, a community in the South-Western region of Nigeria. Mass media campaigns to promote cervical cancer screening-planned media coverage funded by sponsoring bodies plus unpaid media coverage in newspapers-the recent death of a former first lady from ovarian cancer may increase awareness and the involvement of the current first lady in cancer initiatives has led to a dramatic increase in media coverage of cancer related issues. Stakeholders-represenative of the press? Primary staeholders-the women Secondary stakeholders Health professionals-general practitioners,specialist gynaecologists,health promotion and public health nurses,community health extension workers Key stakeholders Funding bodies and ngos World Health Organisation , Mass Medical Mission (MMM) ,PATH Policy makers- agencies/FMOH/Oyo State moh,Ministry of Women Affairs RESOURCES Pap smear plus acetoacettttt Target? by 2014 Evaluation of the cervical cancer prevention programme=300 -400 words Ethical principles 3-4 lines Political dimensions3-4 statements Politics can be looked at from a power perspective and defined as the production ,distribution and use of scarce resourcesCite IN NAIDOO(Heywood 2000). Politics play an important role in the success of health promotion interventions. ATTACH LOGIC FRAMEWORK Quantitative approach: Conclusion This health promotion intervention has used the medica approach to hp which is often viewed as being mechanistic redustic view of health

Dear Members of the Academic Standing Committee

I am so sorry but I cannot attend the Academic Standing Committee Meeting because of an unfortunate circumstance. A family emergency requires me to move out of town and I will be gone for a few days.I regret that I may not be able to attend the meeting but I am assuring the committee that I now have an academic plan that would help me succeed in schooling.Should I be re-admitted to school, I will be putting my studies at the top in the list of my priorities. I am now working a job and I will be quitting this job as soon as I receive the news that I have been readmitted. This will be crucial since the job might cause conflicts between my class schedules and study habits.Without the hindrances attached with having a job, I can devote as much time as needed in my academics. My focus will be purely on school matters.I will also be moving closer to the campus. I am currently residing at Orange County but I will be moving to an apartment just across the campus once my readmission has been approved. This translates to a more convenient travel from the house to school.Moreover, I will get tutoring services for better study habits and I also plan to make full use of the student resources center which would be of great help in my academicsI will commit myself to being successful with my studies. It will help that I am really passionate about the new major that I will be taking which is Graphic Design. I have now set my goal to graduate with this field as my specialty and I know that this major would influence the rest of my life.I want to let the school know that I will be doing my best and I will really study hard to prove that I deserve to be readmitted.Sincerely,